What is the passive voice of 하다?
하다 → 되다
Passive Voice indicates that an action is carried out indirectly, not directly by a specific person. In Korean, passive sentences are signaled through the word "하다", which transforms into "되다".
Active Voice (하다): In Korean, many verbs can be formed by attaching the verb stem to the 하다 verb, which means "to do" or "to make." This structure often represents the active voice.
Example: 공부하다 (gongbu-hada) - to study
Passive Voice (되다): To change an active verb to a passive verb, replace it with a form of 'to be' and a past participle. "하다" with "되다" (dweda). This shows that someone is getting the action done to them instead of doing the action themselves.
Example: 공부되다 (gongbudweda) - to be studied.
To write or speak in the passive sentences, certain rules come into play:
1. There are no nouns followed by the particle "을" or "를".2. Particle words that can be used in passive sentences include:
a. 에 : “in” Usually in the sentence “세금은 값에 포함되다”
b. 에게 : inactive voices, 에게means "for" someone. However, in passive voices,
* this word is used to indicate that something is done "by" someone. (this particle usually used in written).
c. 에 의해 : is used to indicate that something is done "by" a subject other than a person.
d. (으)로 : this word is used to indicate a job performed by someone.
3. Words used to indicate equipment used by someone.
> 포함하다 → 포함되다
Include → Included
> 청소하다 → 청소되다
To clean → cleaned
> 요리하다 → 요리되다
To cook → cooked
These examples serve as preliminary illustrations before we explore more complex passive constructions. Before we delve into more complex constructions, let's examine each of the above examples in detail in the following example:
> 세금은 값에 포함되다(Tax is included in price)
The particle 에 found after the word "price" is an adverb for this sentence.
> 이방은 오빠에게 청소되다
(The room is cleaned by my brother)
> 음식은 어머니에게 요리되다
(Food is cooked by mother)
> 장난감은 가게에의해 제공되다
(Toys are provided by the store)
The particle "에게" serves as an additional linguistic tool within passive sentences, allowing the expression of actions performed "by" a specific agent. In addition, the particle "에의 해" serves a similar purpose in passive sentence construction, indicating that an action is performed "by" something other than a single entity.
> 이 방은 청소기로 청소되어(This room is cleaned with a vacuum cleaner)
We return to the next lesson that we can say something that we use with the particle "(으) 로", that word can be used to complete passive voices.
*되다 can be changed to many forms of time, such as simple past, simple future or "honorific" sentences. Here are some examples of changes "되다":
Past sentence :Current sentence :
Future sentence :
하다 → 받다
Just like before, this passive sentence only changes the verb "하다" to be "받다" which means "get". Example:
1. 나는 내친구들에게 방문받았어(I visited / I got a visit from my friends)
(My sister is respected by her friends)
내다 → 나다
In addition to "하다" and "받다", there exist several verbs culminating with the syllables "나다" and "내다". However, it's crucial to discern their distinct implications.
"내다" conveys the idea of the subject "initiating" an action (active sentence), whereas "나다" signifies the completion of an action (passive sentence). This differentiation accentuates "나다" as a passive construction. Here, I present a compilation of the most frequently encountered terms featuring the concluding syllables "나다" and "내다":
Examples:
1. 나는 운동을 끝내 → I finish the exam
2. 운동은 끝났어 → The exam was finished
3. 나는 그자전거를 고장냈어 → I have broken the bicycle.
4. 그 자전거는 고장났어 → The bicycle was broken
5. 나는 그파티가 기억나! → I remember the party!
6. 좋은 생각이나! → I have a good idea!
Passive Voice Besides 하다
In Korean, almost all words have a syllable ends with "하다". But not all, such as the following words:
1. 켜다 → Turn on → 나는 램프를 켰어 → I turn on the lamp
2. 켜지다 → The state of being on → 램프가 켜져 있어* → The lamp is on
3. 잠그다 → To lock → 나는 문을 잠갔어 → I locked the door
4. 잠기다 → locked → 문 이 잠겨있어* → The door is locked
* When we use passive sentences with syllables other than 하다, then the word must be followed by the particle "있다".
Korean Sentence Structure
Sentence or grammar is the most basic lesson in language learning. This part is still related to the previous lesson, active voices and passive voices. Adjectives cannot function as objects (을 or 를). Example:
Subject-Object–Adjective
- [나는] [그가방을] [좋아해]
(I like this bag)
but it should be like this;
Subject~는/은 - Object~이/가 - Adjective
- [나는] [가방이] [좋아]
(I like this bag).
In the realm of Korean grammar, it's important to note that active verbs and passive verbs are not interchangeable substitutes for the nouns that are paired with the particles "을" or "를". Instead, the appropriate particle to use in these contexts is "이" or "가", which indicates the subject or topic of the sentence.
Example: 나는 그 사람을 싫어해 or 나는 그 사람이 싫어.
Different (다르다), and Similar (비슷하다).
Constructing a sentence incorporating any of these three words is a straightforward process. Creating a basic sentence is exemplified in the following illustration:
1. 우리는 달라 → We are different.
2. 그들은 매우 비슷합니다 → They are very similar
When we want to say something different or the same as something, then we need the "conjunction" "랑" or "이랑", "와" or "과" or "하고". Example:
1. Lia 는 가수 Crystal 과 비슷 합니다 → Lia looks similar to the singer Kristal.
2. 이 책은 어제와 다릅니다 → This book is different from the one yesterday.
Go check How to Learn Korean Active Voice about Active Voices before you learned this chapter.
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