How do you say include or exclude in Korean?

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In Korean, however, these two opposite words are very different; 포함 하다 which means including and 제외 하다 which means not including / except.

In English, these two words are distinguished by "in" and "ex" at the beginning of the word to indicate that these two words have opposite meanings. 

Include: 포함 하다

As with almost all verbs, "포함 하다" is usually placed at the end of the sentence. As an example:

>> 이 책 은 최고의 책 을 포함 해요

      (This book contains the best books)

>> 이 예산 에는 우유 구매 가 포함 됩니다 

      (This budget includes the purchase of milk)

Like the example above, we can change "포함 하다" to "포함 되다" for the passive form. A passive verb has the same meaning, but a passive sentence cannot contain an object (thus, it cannot contain the particle ~ 을 / 를). As an example:

>> 가격 에는 우송료 가 포함 되어 있습니다 

      (Price includes postage)

>> 이 인스턴트 식품 재료 에는 고추 가 포함 되어 있습니다 

      (This instant food ingredient includes chili)

Notice in the example above, the particle we use for the object is 이 / 가.

포함하다/되다 grammar

Although 포함 하다 / 되다 can be used at the end of a sentence, it is usually used in the middle of a sentence to indicate what is included or not. We can use the same grammar principle by using 어 / 아 as a conjunction when using 포함 하다 in sentences. As an example:

>> 저 를 포함 해… = including me…

>> 저의 선생님 을 포함 해… = including my teacher…

>> 설탕 을 포함 해… = including tax

This grammar can then be used in complete sentences. As an example:

When using 포함 하다 in this situation, there seems to be no difference in meaning if you also attach ~ 서 to "포함 해":

저 를 포함 해서 저희 가족 은 5 명이 있어요 = There are 5 people in my family including me

To exclude: 제외 하다

Just like "포함 하다," verb "제외 하다" can be placed at the end of a sentence. As an example:

To exclude a thing in Korean "제외 하다"

Like the word "포함 하다", that means "including...", 제외 하다 is commonly used in a sentence to say "except / not including...". To do so, simply add "제외 하고 OR 제외한" after the nouns you want to exclude. For example:

>> 저 를 포함 해… = Including me

>> 저 를 제외한… = excluding / except me

>> 저 를 제외 하고… = Not included / except for me

By having a subject, object, and verb, we can put the simple sentences in the example above into a more complex sentence, as in the following example:

How to make complex sentences with the word 제외하다

If the thing we are excluding is a noun, we can use one of the above forms (제외한 or 제외 하고).

If we pay attention to the grammatical principles used in the above example sentence with 제외 하고 vs. 제외한. When using "제외 하고", the sentence is basically divided into two clauses:
>> 1 개 를 제외 하고

      (Except 1 plane)
>> 모든 비행기 가 취소 되었습니다 

      (All planes are canceled)

However, when "제외한" is used, "제외한" describes a noun to come with the grammar principle 는 것. As an example:
>> 제가 입은 옷

      (The clothes I wear)
>> 제가 입고 있는 옷옷 

      (The clothes I wear)
>> 제가 내일 만날 사람 

      (Person I will meet tomorrow)

When 제외 하다 (used as 제외한) to describe a noun, it will form an inaccurate sentence, for example:
>>  1 개 를 제외한 모든 비행기 가 

      (All planes except one)
>>  Aila Air 를 제외한 모든 비행기 가 

      (All aircraft except Aila Air)

The noun contained in the sentence can then be placed in the sentence in the same way as any other noun, for example:
>>  1 개 를 제외한 모든 비행기 가 취소 되었어요
      (All flights were canceled except 1)
>>  Aila Air 를 제외한 모든 비행기 가 이륙 했습니다 

      (All aircraft except Aila Air have taken off)

What is confusing is that if the noun described by "제외한" is also described by another verb, it is better to use "제외 하고". For example, if the sentence above is
>> 1 개 를 제외한 폰티 아낙 에 가는 모든 비행기 가 취소 되었어요 

      (All flights to Pontianak have been canceled except 1)

Since there is another clause that describes the noun in the sentence ("폰티 아낙 에 가는"), in the example sentence we have two verbs that describe the same noun. In a case like this, it would be more natural for us to use "제외 하고" instead of "제외한". As an example:
>> 1 개 를 제외 하고 폰티 아낙 에 가는 모든 비행기 가 취소 되었어요 

      (All flights to Pontianak have been canceled except 1)

Also, when we want to exclude adverbs (in this case, usually place, time, day, month, etc...), you must use 제외 하고 and not 제외한. As an example:

제외하고 not 제외한

Here we can also use the grammatical principle of ~ 면 or ~ ㄴ / 는다 면 when using the word 제외 하다. This grammatical usage can be literally translated as "if you exclude ...":

>> 다른 사람 을 제외 한다면 성공 하지 못합니다

      (If you exclude other people, you will not succeed)

Other than that/Besides: 외에

The Korean word 외에 is similar to 제외 하다, which is why we will study it in today's lesson. This character means "to be outside" and is used in many Korean words 제외 하다. By simply using the word 외 (外) and adding 에, you can make the meaning "beyond" or "other than". For example:

>> 저는 노래 연습 외에 춤 도 연습 했어요 

      (Besides practicing singing, I also practice dancing)

>> 배드민턴 외에 수영 을 좋아해요 

      (Besides badminton, I like swimming)

In Korean, the expression to express inclusion is "포함하다," which can be translated as "to include." On the contrary, to express exclusion, we can use the word "제외하다," which translates as "to exclude." 

By understanding the difference between "포함하다" and "제외하다," Korean speakers can express inclusion or exclusion appropriately and effectively in various situations.

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